Ezweni eliya ngokuya lixhumene, ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuqhubekiseni ukukhula komnotho.Nokho, ukuphepha nokuvikeleka kwemikhumbi kuhlala kubaluleke kakhulu.Ukubhekana nalokhu kukhathazeka kanye nokunciphisa ubungozi olwandle, Inhlangano Yezolwandle Yamazwe Ngamazwe (i-IMO) yethule Ukuphepha Kokuphila Olwandle (SOLAS)umhlangano.Kulo mbhalo webhulogi, sizocubungula ukuthi umhlangano we-SOLAS uhlanganisani, ukubaluleka kwawo, nokuthi uqinisekisa kanjani ukuphepha kwemikhumbi nabasebenzi bayo.Ngakho-ke, ake siqale lolu hambo ukuze siqonde ukubaluleka kwe-SOLAS.
1.Ukuqonda i-SOLAS
Ingqungquthela ye-Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) yisivumelwano samazwe omhlaba sasolwandle esibeka izindinganiso eziphansi zokuphepha zemikhumbi nezinqubo zokuthumela ngemikhumbi.Eyokuqala eyamukelwa ku-1914 ngemva kokucwila kwe-RMS Titanic, i-SOLAS yabuye yabuyekezwa izikhathi eziningana phakathi neminyaka, ngokuchitshiyelwa kwakamuva, i-SOLAS 1974, eqala ukusebenza ngo-1980. Umhlangano uhlose ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwezimpilo zasolwandle, ukuphepha. wemikhumbi, kanye nokuphepha kwempahla esemkhunjini.
Ngaphansi kwe-SOLAS, imikhumbi idingeka ukuthi ihlangabezane nemibandela ethile ehlobene nokwakhiwa, okokusebenza, kanye nokusebenza.Ihlanganisa izici eziningi zokuphepha, okuhlanganisa izinqubo zobuqotho obungangeni manzi, ukuphepha emlilweni, ukuzulazula, ukuxhumana ngomsakazo, izinto ezisindisa ukuphila, nokuphatha impahla.I-SOLAS iphinde inikeze igunya lokuhlola nokuhlola okuvamile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhambisana okuqhubekayo nezindinganiso zomhlangano.
2.Ukubaluleka kwe-SOLAS
Ukubaluleka kwe-SOLAS akunakugcizelelwa ngokwanele.Ngokusungula uhlaka lomhlaba wonke lokuphepha olwandle, i-SOLAS iqinisekisa ukuthi imikhumbi ihlonyiselwe ukubhekana nezinselele ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa izinhlekelele zemvelo, izingozi, nezinsongo zobuphekula ezingaba khona.Lokhu kubalulekile njengoba imboni yemikhumbi ithutha cishe amaphesenti angama-80 wezimpahla zomhlaba, okwenza kube semqoka ukuvikela imikhumbi, impahla, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, izimpilo zabasebenzi basolwandle.
Esinye sezici eziphawulekayo ze-SOLAS ukugxila kwayo ezintweni ezisetshenziswayo ezisindisa ukuphila nezinqubo eziphuthumayo.Imikhumbi idingeka ukuthi ibe nezikebhe ezanele zokuhlenga impilo, izihlenga, namajakhethi okusindisa ukuphila, kanye nezinhlelo zokuxhumana ezinokwethenjelwa ukuze zicele usizo ngezikhathi zokucindezeleka.Ukuzivivinya njalo nokuqeqesha amalungu eqembu mayelana nezinqubo zokubhekana nezimo eziphuthumayo kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe umsebenzi wokuhlenga ngesikhathi nangempumelelo uma kwenzeka ingozi noma isimo esiphuthumayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-SOLAS idinga ukuthi yonke imikhumbi ibe nezinhlelo eziningiliziwe nezibuyekeziwe zokuphepha zasolwandle, okuhlanganisa nezinyathelo zokunciphisa nokuvimbela ukungcola okuvela ekusebenzeni komkhumbi.Lokhu kuzibophezela ekulondolozeni imvelo yasolwandle kanye nokunciphisa umthelela wemvelo wemikhumbi kuhambisana nezinjongo ezibanzi zentuthuko esimeme zeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene.
I-SOLAS iphinde igcizelele ukubaluleka kokuzulazula okuphumelelayo nezinhlelo zokuxhumana.Izinsiza zokuzulazula ze-elekthronikhi, njenge-Global Positioning Systems (GPS), i-radar, ne-Automatic Identification Systems (AIS), zibalulekile ukuze abaqhubi bemikhumbi bahambe ngokuphepha futhi bagweme ukungqubuzana.Phezu kwalokho, imithethonqubo eqinile yokuxhumana ngomsakazo iqinisekisa ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo nokushesha phakathi kwemikhumbi neziphathimandla zasolwandle, okuvumela ukusabela okusheshayo ezimeni eziphuthumayo futhi kuthuthukise ukuphepha kolwandle kukonke.
3.Ukuthobelana Nokuphoqelela
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kwamazinga e-SOLAS, izifundazwe zefulegi zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuphoqelela isivumelwano emikhumbi ephephezelisa ifulegi layo.Banesibopho sokukhipha izitifiketi zokuphepha ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi umkhumbi uhlangabezana nazo zonke izimfuneko zokuphepha ezichazwe ku-SOLAS.Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundazwe zamafulege kufanele zihlole njalo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulandelwa komthetho futhi kulungiswe noma yikuphi ukushiyeka ngokushesha.
Ukwengeza, i-SOLAS ichaza uhlelo lwe-Port State Control (PSC), lapho iziphathimandla zechweba zingahlola imikhumbi yangaphandle ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthobela kwayo izindinganiso ze-SOLAS.Uma umkhumbi wehluleka ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha ezidingekayo, ungaboshwa noma uvinjelwe ukuhamba ngomkhumbi kuze kube yilapho kulungisiwe okushiyeka khona.Lolu hlelo lusiza ukwehlisa imikhuba yokuthutha esezingeni eliphansi futhi luqinise ukuphepha kolwandle kukonke emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-SOLAS ikhuthaza ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusetshenziswa okufanayo nokungaguquguquki kwamazinga okuphepha olwandle.I-IMO idlala indima ebalulekile ekusizeni izingxoxo, ukwabelana ngemikhuba engcono kakhulu, kanye nokuthuthukisa imihlahlandlela nezichibiyelo ukuze kugcinwe i-SOLAS inolwazi lwakamuva ngemboni yezasolwandle ethuthukayo.
Sengiphetha, iUkuphepha Kokuphila Olwandle (SOLAS) isivumelwano siyingxenye ebalulekile yokuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokuvikeleka kwemikhumbi nabasolwandle emhlabeni wonke.Ngokusungula izindinganiso eziphelele zokuphepha, ukubhekana nezinqubo zokusabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo, nokuqinisekisa ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo nezinhlelo zokuzulazula, i-SOLAS idlala indima ebalulekile ekwehliseni izingozi zasolwandle, ukuvikela izimpilo, kanye nokulondoloza imvelo yasolwandle.Ngokusebenzisana okuqhubekayo nokuhambisana, i-SOLAS iyaqhubeka nokuzivumelanisa nezimo futhi iguquke ukuze ihlangabezane nezinselele ezihlala zishintsha embonini yezokuthutha yomhlaba wonke.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-09-2023
