Ezweni elixhumene kakhulu, ukuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe kudlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukukhula komnotho. Kodwa-ke, ukuphepha nokuvikeleka kwemikhumbi kusalokhu kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukuze kuxazululwe lezi zinkinga futhi kuncishiswe izingozi olwandle, i-International Maritime Organisation (IMO) yethule uhlelo lwe- Ukuphepha Kokuphila Olwandle (i-SOLAS)umhlangano. Kulesi sihloko sebhulogi, sizohlola ukuthi umhlangano we-SOLAS uhilelani, ukubaluleka kwawo, nokuthi uqinisekisa kanjani ukuphepha kwemikhumbi kanye nabasebenzi bayo. Ngakho-ke, ake siqale lolu hambo ukuze siqonde ukubaluleka kwe-SOLAS.
1. Ukuqonda i-SOLAS
Isivumelwano Sokuphepha Kokuphila Olwandle (i-SOLAS) siyisivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe sasolwandle esibeka amazinga okuphepha aphansi emikhumbi kanye nezinqubo zokuthumela. Samukelwa okokuqala ngo-1914 ngemuva kokucwila kwe-RMS Titanic, i-SOLAS yabuyekezwa izikhathi eziningana eminyakeni edlule, kanti isichibiyelo sakamuva, i-SOLAS 1974, saqala ukusebenza ngo-1980. Isivumelwano sihlose ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwezimpilo olwandle, ukuphepha kwemikhumbi, kanye nokuphepha kwempahla ebhodini.
Ngaphansi kwe-SOLAS, imikhumbi kudingeka ihlangabezane nezindinganiso ezithile ezihlobene nokwakhiwa, imishini, kanye nokusebenza. Ihlanganisa izici eziningi zokuphepha, okuhlanganisa izinqubo zokuqina kokuvikela amanzi, ukuphepha emlilweni, ukuhamba ngemikhumbi, ukuxhumana ngomsakazo, izinto ezisindisa impilo, kanye nokuphathwa kwempahla. I-SOLAS iphinde iphoqelele ukuhlolwa njalo kanye nokuhlolwa ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana okuqhubekayo nezindinganiso zesivumelwano.
2.Ukubaluleka kwe-SOLAS
Ukubaluleka kwe-SOLAS akukwazi ukugcizelelwa ngokwanele. Ngokusungula uhlaka oluphelele lokuphepha olwandle, i-SOLAS iqinisekisa ukuthi imikhumbi ihlonyiselwe ukubhekana nezinselele ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa izinhlekelele zemvelo, izingozi, kanye nezinsongo zobuphekula ezingaba khona. Lokhu kubalulekile njengoba imboni yemikhumbi ithutha cishe u-80% wezimpahla zomhlaba, okwenza kube kubalulekile ukuvikela imikhumbi, imithwalo, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, izimpilo zabagibeli bamanzi.
Esinye sezici eziphawulekayo ze-SOLAS ukugxila kwayo ezintweni ezisindisa impilo kanye nezinqubo eziphuthumayo. Imikhumbi kudingeka ibe nezikebhe zokusindisa impilo ezanele, izikebhe zokusindisa impilo, kanye namajakethi okusindisa impilo, kanye nezinhlelo zokuxhumana ezithembekile ukuze zicele usizo ngezikhathi zokucindezeleka. Ukwenza izivivinyo njalo nokuqeqesha amalungu eqembu ngezinqubo zokusabela eziphuthumayo kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa umsebenzi wokusindisa ngesikhathi nangempumelelo uma kwenzeka ingozi noma isimo esiphuthumayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-SOLAS idinga ukuthi yonke imikhumbi ibe nezinhlelo zokuphepha zasolwandle ezinemininingwane nezibuyekeziwe, okuhlanganisa nezinyathelo zokunciphisa nokuvimbela ukungcola okuvela ekusebenzeni komkhumbi. Lokhu kuzibophezela ekulondolozeni izimiso zemvelo zasolwandle kanye nokunciphisa umthelela wemvelo wemikhumbi kuhambisana nemigomo ebanzi yentuthuko esimeme yeZizwe Ezihlangene.
I-SOLAS iphinde igcizelele ukubaluleka kohlelo lokuhamba ngemikhumbi kanye nokuxhumana olusebenzayo. Izinsiza zokuzulazula nge-elekthronikhi, njenge-Global Positioning Systems (GPS), i-radar, kanye ne-Automatic Identification Systems (AIS), zibalulekile kubasebenzi bemikhumbi ukuthi bahambe ngokuphepha futhi bagweme ukushayisana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho eqinile yokuxhumana ngomsakazo iqinisekisa ukuxhumana okusebenzayo nokusheshayo phakathi kwemikhumbi neziphathimandla zasolwandle, okuvumela ukusabela okusheshayo ezimweni eziphuthumayo kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuphepha kolwandle jikelele.
3.Ukuthobela Nokuphoqelela
Ukuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kwezindinganiso ze-SOLAS, amazwe anefulegi anesibopho sokuphoqelela isivumelwano emikhunjini endiza ifulegi lawo. Anesibopho sokukhipha izitifiketi zokuphepha ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhumbi uhlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo zokuphepha ezichazwe ku-SOLAS. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazwe anefulegi kumele enze ukuhlolwa njalo ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela okuqhubekayo nokulungisa noma yikuphi ukushiyeka ngokushesha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-SOLAS inquma uhlelo lwe-Port State Control (PSC), lapho iziphathimandla zechweba zingahlola khona imikhumbi yangaphandle ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iyahambisana nezindinganiso ze-SOLAS. Uma umkhumbi wehluleka ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha ezidingekayo, ungaboshwa noma uvinjelwe ukuhamba ngomkhumbi kuze kube yilapho ukuntuleka sekulungisiwe. Lolu hlelo lusiza ekunciphiseni imikhuba yokuthumela engaphansi kwezinga elifanele futhi luqinise ukuphepha kolwandle emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-SOLAS ikhuthaza ukubambisana phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu kanye nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa okufanayo nokungaguquguquki kwezindinganiso zokuphepha olwandle. I-IMO idlala indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni izingxoxo zibe lula, ukwabelana ngemikhuba emihle, kanye nokuthuthukisa iziqondiso kanye nezilungiso ukuze i-SOLAS ihlale ihambisana nemboni yezolwandle eshintshashintshayo.
Ekuphetheni, i-Ukuphepha Kokuphila Olwandle (i-SOLAS) Umhlangano uyisici esibalulekile sokuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokuvikeleka kwemikhumbi nabagibeli basolwandle emhlabeni jikelele. Ngokusungula amazinga okuphepha aphelele, ukubhekana nezinqubo zokuphendula eziphuthumayo, kanye nokuqinisekisa izinhlelo zokuxhumana nezokuhamba eziphumelelayo, i-SOLAS idlala indima ebalulekile ekunciphiseni izingozi zasolwandle, ukuvikela izimpilo, kanye nokulondoloza imvelo yasolwandle. Ngokubambisana okuqhubekayo kanye nokuthobela imithetho, i-SOLAS iyaqhubeka nokuzivumelanisa nezimo futhi iguquke ukuze ihlangabezane nezinselele ezihlala zishintsha embonini yemikhumbi yomhlaba wonke.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-09-2023
