Kwihlabathi eliqhagamshelene ngakumbi, urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe ludlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqhubeni ukukhula koqoqosho. Nangona kunjalo, ukhuseleko kunye nokhuseleko lweenqanawa luhlala lubaluleke kakhulu. Ukujongana nale nkxalabo kunye nokunciphisa iingozi elwandle, i-International Maritime Organisation (IMO) yazisa i- Ukhuseleko Lobomi Elwandle (i-SOLAS)ingqungquthela. Kule posi yebhlog, siza kujonga ukuba ingqungquthela ye-SOLAS ibandakanya ntoni, ukubaluleka kwayo, kunye nendlela eqinisekisa ngayo ukhuseleko lweenqanawa kunye nabasebenzi bazo. Ngoko ke, masiqalise olu hambo ukuze siqonde ukubaluleka kwe-SOLAS.
1. Ukuqonda ii-SOLAS
Isivumelwano soKhuseleko loBomi eLwandle (i-SOLAS) sisivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe solwandle esichaza imigangatho yokhuseleko kwiinqanawa kunye neenkqubo zokuhambisa. Samkelwe okokuqala ngo-1914 emva kokuzika kwe-RMS Titanic, i-SOLAS yahlaziywa amaxesha amaninzi kule minyaka idlulileyo, kwaye isilungiso samva nje, i-SOLAS 1974, saqala ukusebenza ngo-1980. Isivumelwano sijolise ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko lobomi elwandle, ukhuseleko lweenqanawa, kunye nokhuseleko lwempahla ekhweleni.
Phantsi kwe-SOLAS, iinqanawa kufuneka zihlangabezane nemigangatho ethile enxulumene nokwakhiwa, izixhobo, kunye nokusebenza. Igubungela uluhlu olubanzi lwemiba yokhuseleko, kubandakanya iinkqubo zokuqina kokungena kwamanzi, ukhuseleko lomlilo, ukuhamba ngenqanawa, unxibelelwano lwerediyo, izixhobo zokusindisa ubomi, kunye nokuphathwa kwemithwalo. I-SOLAS ikwayalela ukuba kuhlolwe rhoqo kwaye kuhlolwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa okuqhubekayo kwemigangatho yesivumelwano.
2.Ukubaluleka kwe-SOLAS
Ukubaluleka kwe-SOLAS akunakugxininiswa ngokwaneleyo. Ngokuseka isakhelo esibanzi sokhuseleko lwaselwandle, i-SOLAS iqinisekisa ukuba iinqanawa zixhotyiswe ukujongana nemingeni eyahlukeneyo, kuquka iintlekele zemvelo, iingozi, kunye nezoyikiso zobugrogrisi ezinokubakho. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu njengoko ishishini lokuthutha impahla lithutha malunga ne-80% yeempahla zehlabathi, nto leyo eyenza kube yimfuneko ukukhusela iinqanawa, imithwalo, kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ubomi babasebenzi baselwandle.
Enye yezinto eziphawulekayo nge-SOLAS kukugxila kwayo kwizixhobo zokusindisa ubomi kunye neenkqubo zongxamiseko. Iinqanawa kufuneka zibe nezikhephe zokusindisa ubomi ezaneleyo, ii-raft zokusindisa ubomi, kunye neejakethi zokusindisa ubomi, kunye neenkqubo zonxibelelwano ezithembekileyo zokucela uncedo ngamaxesha obunzima. Ukwenza uqeqesho rhoqo kunye nokuqeqesha amalungu eqela malunga neendlela zokuphendula ngexesha likaxakeka kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa umsebenzi wokuhlangula ngexesha elifanelekileyo nangempumelelo xa kukho ingozi okanye imeko kaxakeka.
Ngaphezu koko, i-SOLAS ifuna ukuba zonke iinqanawa zibe nezicwangciso zokhuseleko lwaselwandle ezineenkcukacha nezihlaziyiweyo, kuquka amanyathelo okunciphisa nokuthintela ungcoliseko oluvela kwimisebenzi yenqanawa. Oku kuzibophelela ekulondolozeni iinkqubo zemvelo zaselwandle kunye nokunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo yokuthunyelwa kwenqanawa kuhambelana neenjongo zophuhliso oluzinzileyo ezibanzi zeZizwe eziManyeneyo.
I-SOLAS ikwagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkqubo zokuhambisa nokunxibelelana ezisebenzayo. Izixhobo zokuhambisa nge-elektroniki, ezifana neGlobal Positioning Systems (GPS), i-radar, kunye ne-Automatic Identification Systems (AIS), zibalulekile kubaqhubi beenqanawa ukuba baqhube ngokukhuselekileyo kwaye baphephe ukungqubana. Ngaphezu koko, imithetho engqongqo kunxibelelwano lwerediyo iqinisekisa unxibelelwano olusebenzayo nolukhawulezileyo phakathi kweenqanawa kunye nabasemagunyeni baselwandle, okuvumela impendulo ekhawulezileyo kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo kunye nokuphucula ukhuseleko lwaselwandle ngokubanzi.
3.Ukuthobela imithetho kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba iyasebenza
Ukuqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa ngempumelelo kwemigangatho ye-SOLAS, amazwe aneeflegi anoxanduva lokunyanzelisa isivumelwano kwiinqanawa ezibhabha iflegi yazo. Anyanzelekile ukuba akhuphe izatifikethi zokhuseleko ukuqinisekisa ukuba inqanawa iyahlangabezana nazo zonke iimfuno zokhuseleko ezichazwe kwi-SOLAS. Ngaphezu koko, amazwe aneeflegi kufuneka enze uhlolo rhoqo ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa okuqhubekayo kunye nokulungisa naziphi na iziphene ngokukhawuleza.
Ukongeza, i-SOLAS imisela inkqubo yoLawulo lweZibuko (i-PSC), apho abasemagunyeni bezibuko banokuhlola iinqanawa zangaphandle ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyahambelana nemigangatho ye-SOLAS. Ukuba inqanawa ayihlangabezani nemigangatho yokhuseleko efunekayo, inokubanjwa okanye ingavumelekanga ukuhamba ngenqanawa de kube kulungisiwe ukusilela. Le nkqubo inceda ekunciphiseni iindlela zokuhambisa inqanawa ezingaphantsi komgangatho kwaye iqinise ukhuseleko lwaselwandle jikelele kwihlabathi liphela.
Ngaphezu koko, i-SOLAS ikhuthaza intsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu kunye nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa okufanayo nangokungaguquguqukiyo kwemigangatho yokhuseleko lwaselwandle. I-IMO idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuququzeleleni iingxoxo, ukwabelana ngeendlela ezilungileyo, kunye nokuphuhlisa izikhokelo kunye nohlengahlengiso ukuze i-SOLAS ihlale ihambelana neshishini lolwandle eliguqukayo.
Ukuqukumbela,Ukhuseleko Lobomi Elwandle (i-SOLAS) Isivumelwano siyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lweenqanawa kunye nabaqhubi beenqanawa kwihlabathi liphela. Ngokumisela imigangatho yokhuseleko ebanzi, ukujongana neenkqubo zokuphendula ngexesha likaxakeka, kunye nokuqinisekisa iinkqubo zonxibelelwano ezisebenzayo kunye neendlela zokuhamba, i-SOLAS idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunciphiseni iingozi zaselwandle, ukukhusela ubomi, kunye nokugcina imeko-bume yaselwandle. Ngokusebenzisana okuqhubekayo kunye nokuthobela imithetho, i-SOLAS iyaqhubeka nokuziqhelanisa nokuguquka ukuze ihlangabezane nemingeni etshintsha rhoqo kushishino lwezothutho lwehlabathi.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-09-2023
