Emkhakheni wemishini yechweba,amakhreni asolwandlezidlala indima ebalulekile njengemishini eyinhloko yemikhumbi ebandakanyeka emisebenzini yokulayisha nokukhipha imithwalo. Eyaziwa nangokuthi ama-marine cranes noma ama-derrick, afakwa kakhulu emikhunjini ukuze aphathe izinhlobo ezahlukene zemithwalo, futhi abhekwa njengemishini ebaluleke kakhulu yedekhi yokusebenza kokukhiqiza imikhumbi. Lawa ma-crane anesakhiwo esincane, ukubukeka okukhangayo, ukuphepha, ukuthembeka, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, ubungane bemvelo, kanye nokuhleleka okuhle kakhulu. Ama-booms awo eza ngezindlela ezahlukene, okuhlanganisaama-boom aqondile, ama-boom e-telescopic, futhiama-boom agoqekayofuthi izindlela zabo zokulawula umthombo wamandla ziyahlukahluka, njenge-manual, kagesi, kanye ne-electro-hydraulic.
Ama-crane asemanzini ayimishini ekhethekile eyenza imisebenzi yokuthutha endaweni yasolwandle, enza imisebenzi ebalulekile njengokudluliselwa kwempahla phakathi kwemikhumbi, ukunikezwa kolwandle, kanye nokuthunyelwa kanye nokubuyiselwa kwemishini yokusebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi. Kodwa-ke, indawo ekhethekile yokusetshenziswa kolwandle ibeka izinselele ezinkulu ekulawulweni kwama-crane asemanzini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengemishini yama-crane engasebenzisi amandla aphelele emhlabeni, adinga ukulawula ukujikijelwa komthwalo ngesikhathi sokuthutha ukuqinisekisa ukunemba kokubekwa kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuthutha; ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengoba ama-crane ebekwe ezinkundleni ezihambayo njengemikhumbi, ukunyakaza kwepulatifomu kuzothinta kakhulu ukunyakaza komthwalo, futhi ezimweni eziningi, ukunyakaza kwezindawo zokuphakamisa nezokufika komthwalo kuvame ukuhluka kokwe-crane uqobo. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza, kokubili umkhumbi we-crane kanye nomkhumbi owamukelayo kuzophonswa, kugingqike, futhi kukhuphuke ngenxa yamagagasi olwandle, okubangela ukuba umthwalo ujike. Ngesikhathi sokuphakamisa nokwehlisa, ukunyakaza komkhumbi kungabangela kalula umthwalo ophakanyisiwe ukuthi ushayisane nedekhi futhi, noma kubangele ukuthi umthwalo owehlisiwe kodwa ongakasuswa ehogweni ulengise emoyeni futhi, okusongela ukuphepha kokusebenza. Ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokunikezwa kwezinhlamvu phakathi kwemikhumbi, ukunyakaza okunjalo okuhlangene kungaholela emiphumeleni emibi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukulawulwa kwama-crane asolwandle kudonsele ukunaka okubanzi emikhakheni yobunjiniyela basolwandle yezempi kanye neyezakhamuzi emhlabeni wonke, futhi ukucwaninga ukulawulwa kwezinhlelo ezinjalo ezingezona eziqondile, ezihlangene ngokuqinile ngaphansi kokuphazamiseka okukhethekile kunenani elikhulu lemfundiso futhi kubaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni wonke.
Ukulawulwa kwama-crane asolwandle kugxile kakhulu ezicini ezimbili: ukulawula okuqondile ukunciphisa umthelela wokunyakaza kwe-shell kanye nokulwa nokushukuma okusemaceleni ukuze kucindezelwe ukujikijela komthwalo. Ngokulawula okuqondile, indlela evamile ukuxhuma umkhumbi owamukelayo ngesakhiwo somshini we-umkhumbi we-crane, zizwe ukunyakaza kwazo okuhlobene, futhi zivumelanise ushintsho kubude bentambo yokuphakamisa nokunyakaza kokuphakamisa komkhumbi owamukelayo, ngaleyo ndlela zinxephezele ukunyakaza okuhlobene phakathi kwemikhumbi emibili futhi ziqedele ukuphakamisa nokuthuthwa komthwalo. Kodwa-ke, le ndlela inezidingo ezikhethekile zesakhiwo somshini we-crane futhi ibeka imikhawulo ebalulekile esisindweni sokuphakamisa.
Izindlela Zokwakheka Nokusebenza
Ngokuphathelene nezingxenye, idivayisi ye-derrick iyithuluzi lendabuko lokuphatha imithwalo, eliqukethe i-derrick, i-cargo boom (noma i-cargo mast), i-rigging, kanye ne-winch (noma i-cargo winch), njll. Naphezu kokuba nezintambo eziningi futhi kunzima ukuyisebenzisa, isetshenziswe kabanzi ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esilula, ukulula kokukhiqizwa, kanye nezindleko eziphansi. Kunezindlela ezimbili zokulayisha nokukhipha imithwalo kusetshenziswa idivayisi ye-derrick: ukusebenza kwe-single-boom kanye nokusebenza kwe-double-boom.
Ukusebenza kwe-boom eyodwa kusebenzisa i-derrick eyodwa ukulayisha nokukhulula imithwalo. Ngemva kokuphakamisa imithwalo, intambo ye-guy iyadonswa ukuze kwenziwe i-cargo ijike nge-derrick iye esikebheni sangaphandle noma esivalweni, bese imithwalo yehliswa, bese i-derrick ijikeleziswa ibuyele endaweni yayo yokuqala, iphinda le nqubo. Isikhathi ngasinye, i-derrick idinga ukujikiswa ngentambo ye-guy, okuholela ekusebenzeni kahle okuphansi kanye nokuqina okuphezulu kwabasebenzi. Ukusebenza kwe-double-boom kusebenzisa ama-derrick amabili, elinye libekwe ngaphezu kwe-hatch kanti elinye leluliwe phezu kwe-outboard. Ama-derrick aqiniswe endaweni ethile yokusebenza ngezintambo ze-guy, kanti izintambo zokuphakamisa zama-derrick amabili zixhunywe ku-hook efanayo. Ngokuhoxisa nokukhulula izintambo ezimbili zokuphakamisa ngokulandelana, imithwalo ingathululwa emkhunjini iye edokini noma ilayishwe edokini iye emkhunjini. Ukusebenza kahle kokulayisha nokukhulula i-double-boom kuphakeme kunokusebenza kwe-single-boom, futhi ukuqina kwabasebenzi nakho kuphansi.
Amadivayisi e-derrick athuthukisiwe avele kamuva. Idivayisi ye-derrick yokuphakamisa ephindwe kabili ithuthukisiwe kusukela kudivayisi ye-derrick esebenza nge-boom eyodwa, ngentambo yokuphakamisa kuphela kanye namasethi amabili okuphakamisa okuhlukaniswe kwesobunxele nakwesokudla. I-derrick ilawulwa yi-winch eyodwa yokuphakamisa kanye nama-winches amabili okuphakamisa okuphindwe kabili, okulula ukuyisebenzisa futhi enekhono eliphezulu lokulayisha nokulayisha. Idivayisi ye-Abel derrick ithuthukisiwe kusukela kudivayisi ye-derrick esebenza nge-boom kabili, ene-winch yokuphakamisa, ama-uplift okuphonsa, kanye nama-winches e-rope angu-guy. Ingabeka i-derrick ngokushesha kunoma iyiphi indawo ngosizo lwama-winches futhi ingaphakamisa futhi yehlise imithwalo ezindaweni eziqondile ngaphakathi kwerediyasi yokusebenza ye-derrick, okuyisinyathelo esibalulekile esiya ekuzenzekeleni okugcwele kokulayisha nokulayisha imithwalo.
Izicelo kanye Nezimpawu Zesakhiwo
Amakhreni asemanzinizisetshenziswa kabanzi ezithwalweni ezinkulu, emikhunjini yezitsha, emikhunjini yamafutha, emikhunjini enezinhloso eziningi, njll. Njengeamakhreni emithwaloezithwalweni ezinkulu kanye nasezikebheni zezitsha, ama-crane epayipi emathangini kawoyela, kanyeama-crane edekhiemikhunjini enezinhloso eziningi. Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-crane asemhlabeni, ama-crane asolwandle afakwa emikhunjini engazinzile. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza, umkhumbi uzothambekela futhi ushukume, futhi indawo yokusebenza inzima, ingaguguleka umoya wolwandle namanzi olwandle; noma ngabe ayisebenzi, kudingeka imelane namandla angaphandle njengomoya, iqhwa, amagagasi, ukushukuma, ukugcwala, kanye nokushayisana ngesikhathi sokuhamba komkhumbi.
Ziza ngezindlela ezahlukene zesakhiwo, okuhlanganisa uhlobo lwe-jib slewing, uhlobo lokuhamba, uhlobo lwe-wire rope luffing, uhlobo lwe-cylinder luffing, uhlobo lwe-telescopic boom, uhlobo lwe-folding boom, uhlobo lwe-A - frame, kanye nohlobo oluhlanganisiwe; futhi kunezindlela ezahlukene zokushayela, okuhlanganisa ugesi, i-electro - hydraulic, i-electro - pneumatic, injini yephethiloli (diesel), kanye ne-manual driven, njll. Isibonelo esijwayelekile yi-electro - hydraulic marine crane esetshenziselwa ukulayisha nokukhulula imithwalo ezithwalini ezinkulu.
Izakhiwo ezithwala umthwalo zama-crane asolwandle, njengekholomu yesisekelo, umzimba wombhoshongo, kanye ne-jib, ikakhulukazi ziyizingxenye zesakhiwo ezihlanganisiwe ezenziwe ngamapuleti ensimbi ensimbi. Ingxenye engezansi yekholomu yesisekelo ixhunywe esikhumbeni somkhumbi ukuze ithwale umthwalo wamandla adonsela phansi we-crane, kanti ingxenye engenhla ifakwe i-slewing bearing; umzimba wombhoshongo uyisakhiwo esisekelayo, kanti ingxenye yawo engezansi ixhunywe ku-slewing bearing futhi iboshwe ku-jib, ingxenye engenhla inezintambo zensimbi ze-pulley block ezihambayo, ingaphakathi lisetshenziswa njengegumbi lomshini, kanti ikhabhi itholakala ngaphambili; i-jib iyisakhiwo esifana ne-truss esisetshenziselwa ukusekela izinto ezisindayo.
Izindlela eziphezulu zama-crane asolwandle zifaka phakathi indlela yokuphakamisa, indlela yokuphakamisa, kanye nendlela yokusika. Indlela yokuphakamisa yenza kube lula ukuphakamisa ngemoto eqhuba isigubhu ukuze ijikeleze nge-reducer, ihoxise futhi ikhulule intambo yensimbi ukuze yenze i-hook ihambe phezulu naphansi; indlela yokuphakamisa yenza i-jib ijikeleze phezulu naphansi izungeze iphuzu elingezansi le-hinge ukuze ishintshe i-engeli ngemoto eqhuba isigubhu ukuze ijikeleze nge-reducer, ihoxise futhi ikhulule intambo yensimbi, ukuze i-hook ikwazi ukugoba ngama-amplitude ahlukene; indlela yokusika yenza umzimba wombhoshongo kanye ne-jib zijikeleze ngemoto eqhuba i-pinion ukuze ihlangane ngegiya elikhulu le-bearing bearing nge-reducer. Ama-reducer alawa ma-mechanism amathathu afakwe amabhuleki avame ukuvalwa ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuvamile kokunyakaza ngakunye. Ngokusebenza okuhlelekile kwezindlela ezintathu, umthwalo ungaphakanyiswa futhi ubekwe endaweni edingekayo ngaphakathi kwebanga lokusebenza.
Uhlelo lukagesi lokushayela nokulawula lwakhiwe yizingxenye ezahlukene zokulawula ebhokisini lokulawula likagesi ukuze kwakheke uhlelo lokulawula, olusebenza futhi lulawulwe ngezinkinobho nezibambo ku-console ezinhlangothini zombili zesihlalo sekhabhathi; uhlelo lwe-hydraulic lwakhiwe ngamaphampu, ama-motor, amaqembu e-valve, amapayipi, kanye nezesekeli zawo ukulawula nokushayela ezinye izindlela zokuphatha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-crane asolwandle afakwe namadivayisi asizayo njengezindlela zokudlula kanye namadivayisi okungenisa umoya.
Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Neminye Imishini Yokulayisha Nokuthulula
Amadivayisi e-derrick ama-crane asolwandle angahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezilula nezinzima. Lezo ezinomthamo wokuphakamisa ongaphansi kwamathani ayi-10 zilula, kanti lezo ezinomthamo wokuphakamisa ongaphezu kwamathani ayi-10 zinzima. Umthamo wokuphakamisa unqunywa ngenhloso yomkhumbi. Emikhumbini yemithwalo eyomile evamile, umthamo wokuphakamisa ama-derrick alula ekusebenzeni kwe-boom eyodwa ungamathani ayi-3 - 5, kanti ekusebenzeni kwe-boom ephindwe kabili ungamathani ayi-1.5 - 3; emikhumbini yemithwalo eyomile engamathani ayi-10,000, umthamo wokuphakamisa ekusebenzeni kwe-boom eyodwa ungafinyelela amathani ayi-10, kanti ekusebenzeni kwe-boom ephindwe kabili ungafinyelela amathani ayi-5. Imikhumbi yesimanje enezinhloso eziningi idinga ukulayisha nokukhulula izitsha, ngakho-ke umthamo wokuphakamisa we-derrick kumele okungenani ukwazi ukuphakamisa isitsha esingamamitha angama-20 (amathani angama-20). Ama-derrick anzima asetshenziselwa ukulayisha nokukhulula imithwalo esindayo nemikhulu njengemishini emikhulu kanye nezinqola. Ngokuvamile, kufakwa amaderikhi angu-1 - 2 anzima emikhunjini yezimpahla, anomthamo wokuphakamisa ongaba amathani ayi-10 - 60, angaba amathani angu-60 - 150, kanye namathani ambalwa afinyelela ku-300. Indawo ngayinye yokuthwala impahla yomkhumbi wezimpahla owomile ifakwe amaderikhi amabili alula, kanti indawo ngayinye yokuthwala impahla yomkhumbi omkhulu wezimpahla owomile ivame ukufakwa amane.
Amakhreni edekhizifakwe edekini eliphezulu lomkhumbi, zinesakhiwo esincane, okuvumela umkhumbi ukuthi usebenzise indawo enkulu yedekini, futhi azinawo umthelela omkhulu ekuboneni okuvela ebhulohweni. Kulula ukuzisebenzisa, zinomthwalo ophezulu wokulayisha nokulayisha, ziyaguquguquka, futhi azidingi ukulungiselela okuningi ngaphambi kokusebenza, ngakho-ke zisetshenziswa kabanzi. Izinhlobo ezivamile zifaka phakathi ama-crane okushelela angaguquki, ama-crane okushelela ahambayo, kanye nama-crane e-gantry, anezindlela zokudlulisa zokudlulisa ngogesi kanye nokudluliselwa kwe-electro-hydraulic.
Amakhreni okushelela aqinileyizona ezisetshenziswa kakhulu, ezingasebenza ohlangothini lwesobunxele nakwesokudla zodwa noma ngamabili, zinamandla okuphakamisa ngokuvamile angamathani angu-3 - 5. Emikhumbini enezinhloso eziningi, i-crane eyodwa idinga ukuphakamisa isitsha esingamamitha angu-20, kanti i-crane ephindwe kabili idinga ukuphakamisa isitsha esingamamitha angu-40 (amathani angu-30), ngakho-ke amandla azo okuphakamisa angafinyelela amathani angu-25 - 30. Ama-crane ahambayo okusika asetshenziswa lapho ukulayisha nokulayisha impahla kudinga ububanzi obukhulu futhi kuyafiseleka ukuthi i-crane boom ingabi yinde kakhulu, enezinhlobo ezimbili: ukuhamba ngokunqamula nangokude emkhunjini. Ama-crane e-gantry asetshenziswa kabanzi emikhunjini egcwele ama-container kanye nemikhumbi yokuthwala ama-barge, ngokuvamile yohlobo lwe-four-legged noma C-. Ane-boom enwebekayo, i-lifting beam, i-movable bridge, kanye ne-cab. I-horizontal main beam yebhuloho iphakeme kunezitsha ezibekwe edekini, futhi ifakwe idivayisi yokumisa ngokuzenzakalelayo, engafaka ngokunembile izitsha kuma-container grids noma izibeke edekini ngesikhathi sokulayisha. Kunezinqola eziningi ze-gantry ezithwaleni izikebhe kunasezikebheni zama-container, ezinomthamo wokuphakamisa ofinyelela ematanini angamakhulu amaningana.
Ngaphezu kwama-crane asolwandle, eminye imishini yokulayisha nokukhulula impahla ihlanganisa kakhulu ama-lifti, ama-hoist, kanye nama-conveyor. Ama-lifti ahamba ngokuqondile emkhunjini eceleni kwemigqa yokuqondisa, esetshenziselwa ukuphakamisa nokwehlisa izimpahla phakathi kwama-deck. Isibonelo, imikhumbi egoqayo/ephumayo ivame ukusebenzisa ama-lifti ukuxhuma ama-deck ahlukahlukene okuthutha izimpahla, kufaka phakathi lawo anjenge-scissor - uhlobo kanye ne-chain - uhlobo, anobude obungamamitha angu-9 - 18.5 kanye nobubanzi obungamamitha angu-3 - 5. Abanye abathwali be-barge nabo bawasebenzisa ukulayisha nokukhulula ama-barge, kodwa amandla awo okuphakamisa makhulu kakhulu kunalawo asemikhunjini egoqayo/ephumayo. Ama-hoist aqhubeka nokuthutha izimpahla ngendlela eqondile noma enkulu, kanti ama-conveyor aqhubeka nokuthutha izimpahla ngendlela eqondile noma encane. Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zemishini zisetshenziswa kakhulu emikhunjini ezizithulelayo noma emikhunjini elayishiwe futhi ephumayo ngomnyango oseceleni.
Ngezakhiwo zawo ezahlukahlukene, imisebenzi ecebile, kanye nezici zokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezahlukene, ama-marine cranes abe yimishini ebalulekile ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwemikhumbi. Ngokuthuthuka kokuthutha imikhumbi kanye nobunjiniyela bemikhumbi, azoqhubeka nokuthuthuka maqondana nokusebenza kahle kanye nobuhlakani, eqhubeka nokufaka isandla ekuthuthweni nasekusebenzeni kahle kwemikhumbi.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-08-2025
