Kwicandelo loomatshini bezibuko,iikhreni zaselwandleZidlala indima ebalulekileyo njengezixhobo eziphambili zeenqanawa ezisebenza kwimisebenzi yokulayisha nokukhupha imithwalo. Zikwaziwa ngokuba zii-marine cranes okanye ii-derricks, zifakelwa kakhulu kwiinqanawa ukuze ziphathe iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemithwalo, kwaye zithathwa njengoomatshini ababalulekileyo bedekhi kwimisebenzi yokuvelisa iinqanawa. Ezi cranes zinesakhiwo esincinci, inkangeleko entle, ukhuseleko, ukuthembeka, ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla, ukuba nobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo, kunye nokuhamba kakuhle. Ukuqhuma kwazo kuza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanyaii-boom ezithe tye, ii-boom ze-telescopickunyeii-boom ezigoqekayokwaye iindlela zabo zokulawula imithombo yamandla zahlukile, njengezezandla, zombane, kunye neze-electro-hydraulic.
Iikhreyini zaselwandle zizixhobo ezikhethekileyo ezenza imisebenzi yokuthutha kwindawo yolwandle, zenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo efana nokuhanjiswa kwemithwalo phakathi kweenqanawa, ukuhanjiswa kolwandle, kunye nokuthunyelwa kunye nokubuyiswa kwezixhobo zokusebenza phantsi kwamanzi. Nangona kunjalo, indawo ekhethekileyo yokusetyenziswa kolwandle ibeka imingeni ebalulekileyo kulawulo lweekhreyini zaselwandle. Kwelinye icala, njengezixhobo zekhreyini ezingasebenzisi mandla aneleyo emhlabeni, kufuneka zilawule ukujijeka komthwalo ngexesha lokuthutha ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kokubekwa kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuthutha; kwelinye icala, ekubeni iikhreyini zimi kumaqonga ahambayo afana neenqanawa, ukuhamba kweqonga kuya kuchaphazela kakhulu ukuhamba komthwalo, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi, ukuhamba kweendawo zokuphakamisa kunye nokufika komthwalo kudla ngokwahlukileyo kokwekhreyini ngokwayo. Ngexesha lokusebenza, zombini inqanawa yekhreyini kunye nenqanawa eyamkelayo ziya kuphosa, ziqengqeleke, kwaye zinyuke ngenxa yamaza olwandle, okubangela ukuba umthwalo ujike. Ngexesha lokuphakamisa nokwehlisa, ukuhamba kwenqanawa kunokubangela ngokulula umthwalo ophakanyisiweyo ukuba ungqubane nedekhi kwakhona, okanye kubangele umthwalo oye wehliswa kodwa ungakasuswa kwihoki ukuba uxhonywe emoyeni kwakhona, nto leyo esongela ukhuseleko lokusebenza. Ingakumbi ngexesha lokunikezelwa kweembumbulu phakathi kweenqanawa, ukuhamba okunjalo okudibeneyo kunokukhokelela kwimiphumo emibi ngakumbi. Ngoko ke, ulawulo lweekhreyini zaselwandle lutsale ingqalelo ebanzi evela kumacandelo obunjineli baselwandle basemkhosini nakwabantu abaqhelekileyo kwihlabathi liphela, kwaye uphando ngolawulo lweenkqubo ezinjalo ezingezizo ezomgca, ezidityaniswe ngokuqinileyo phantsi kokuphazamiseka okukhethekileyo lunexabiso elikhulu lethiyori kwaye lubaluleke kakhulu kwihlabathi liphela.
Ulawulo lweekhreyini zasemanzini lugxile kakhulu kwiinkalo ezimbini: ulawulo oluthe nkqo ukunciphisa impembelelo yokuhamba kwehashe kunye nokuthintela ukushukuma ecaleni ukuze kuthintelwe ukujijeka komthwalo. Kulawulo oluthe nkqo, indlela eqhelekileyo kukudibanisa inqanawa eyamkelayo ngesakhiwo soomatshini sehashe.inqanawa yekreyini, baqonde intshukumo yabo ehambelanayo, baze bavumelanise utshintsho kubude bentambo yokuphakamisa kunye nentshukumo yokuphakamisa yenqanawa eyamkelayo, ngaloo ndlela behlawula intshukumo ehambelanayo phakathi kweenqanawa ezimbini kwaye bagqibezele ukuphakamisa kunye nokuthuthwa komthwalo. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ineemfuno ezikhethekileyo zesakhiwo soomatshini sekreyini kwaye ibeka imida ebalulekileyo kubunzima bokuphakamisa.
Iindlela zoKwakha kunye nokuSebenza
Ngokwezinto ezisetyenziswayo, isixhobo se-derrick sisixhobo sokuphatha imithwalo sendabuko, esiquka i-derrick, i-cargo boom (okanye i-cargo mast), i-rigging, kunye ne-winch (okanye i-cargo winch), njl. Nangona sineentambo ezininzi kwaye kunzima ukuyisebenzisa, sisetyenziswa kakhulu ngenxa yesakhiwo saso esilula, ukulula kokwenziwa, kunye neendleko eziphantsi. Kukho iindlela ezimbini zokulayisha nokukhulula imithwalo kusetyenziswa isixhobo se-derrick: ukusebenza kwe-single-boom kunye nokusebenza kwe-double-boom.
Ukusebenza nge-boom enye kusebenzisa i-derrick enye ukulayisha nokukhulula imithwalo. Emva kokuphakamisa imithwalo, intambo ye-guy iyatsalwa ukuze imithwalo ijijeke nge-derrick iye kwi-outboard okanye kwi-hatch, emva koko imithwalo yehliswa, kwaye i-derrick ijikeleziswe ibuyele kwindawo yayo yokuqala, iphinda le nkqubo. Ngalo lonke ixesha, i-derrick kufuneka ijijelwe ngentambo ye-guy, nto leyo ebangela ukusebenza okuphantsi kunye nobunzima bomsebenzi obuphezulu. Ukusebenza nge-double-boom kusebenzisa ii-derrick ezimbini, enye ibekwe ngaphezulu kwe-hatch kwaye enye yolulwe phezu kwe-outboard. Ii-derrick ziqiniswe kwindawo ethile yokusebenza ngee-guy ropes, kwaye iintambo zokuphakamisa zee-derrick ezimbini ziqhagamshelwe kwi-hook efanayo. Ngokurhoxisa nokukhulula iintambo ezimbini zokuphakamisa ngokulandelelanayo, imithwalo ingathululwa ukusuka enqanaweni ukuya kwi-dock okanye ilayishwe ukusuka kwi-dock iye kwinqanawa. Ukusebenza kakuhle kokulayisha nokukhulula i-double-boom operation kuphezulu kunokusebenza nge-single-boom operation, kwaye ubunzima bomsebenzi buphantsi.
Izixhobo ze-derrick eziphuculweyo zavela kamva. Isixhobo se-derrick esiphindwe kabini siphuculwe kwisixhobo se-derrick esisebenza nge-boom enye, sinentambo yokuphakamisa kuphela kunye neeseti ezimbini zee-topping lifts ezahlulwe ngasekhohlo nasekunene. I-derrick ilawulwa yi-winch enye yokuphakamisa kunye nee-winches ezimbini zokuphakamisa eziphezulu, okulula ukuyisebenzisa kwaye inokusebenza kakuhle kokulayisha nokukhulula impahla. Isixhobo se-Abel derrick siphuculwe kwisixhobo se-derrick esisebenza nge-boom kabini, kunye ne-winch yokuphakamisa, ii-topping lifts, kunye nee-winches zerope ze-guy. Ingayibeka ngokukhawuleza i-derrick kuyo nayiphi na indawo ngoncedo lwee-winches kwaye ingaphakamisa kwaye yehlise impahla kwiindawo ezizinzileyo ngaphakathi kwerediyasi yokusebenza ye-derrick, elilinyathelo elibalulekileyo eliya kwi-automation epheleleyo yokulayisha nokukhulula impahla.
Izicelo kunye neempawu zolwakhiwo
Iikhreni zaselwandlezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinqanawa zokuthwala izinto ezininzi, iinqanawa zeekhonteyina, iinqanawa zeoyile, iinqanawa zeenjongo ezininzi, njl. Ezifanaiikhreyini zemithwalokwiinqanawa zokuthwala izinto ezinkulu kunye neenqanawa zekhonteyina, iikhreyini zepayipi kwiinqanawa zeoyile, kunyeiikreni zedekhikwiinqanawa ezisetyenziselwa iinjongo ezininzi. Xa kuthelekiswa neekhreyini ezisemhlabeni, iikhreyini zaselwandle zifakelwa kwiinqanawa ezingazinzanga. Ngexesha lokusebenza, inqanawa iya kuthambeka kwaye ishukume, kwaye imeko yokusebenza inzima, iphantsi kokukhukuliseka komoya wolwandle namanzi olwandle; nokuba ayisebenzi, kufuneka imelane namandla angaphandle anjengomoya, ikhephu, amaza, ukushukuma, ukugquma, kunye nefuthe ngexesha lokuhamba kwenqanawa.
Ziza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokwakha, kuquka uhlobo lwe-jib slewing, uhlobo lokuhamba, uhlobo lwe-wire rope luffing, uhlobo lwe-cylinder luffing, uhlobo lwe-telescopic boom, uhlobo lwe-folding boom, uhlobo lwe-A - frame, kunye nohlobo lwe-composite; kwaye kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuqhuba, kuquka umbane, i-electro - hydraulic, i-electro - pneumatic, i-petroli (idizili) eqhutywa yinjini, kunye ne-manual driven, njl. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo yi-electro - hydraulic marine crane esetyenziselwa ukulayisha nokukhulula imithwalo kwiinqwelo ezinkulu.
Izakhiwo ezithwala umthwalo zeekhreyini zasemanzini, ezifana nekholamu yesiseko, umzimba wenqaba, kunye nejib, ikakhulu ziindawo zesakhiwo ezidityanisiweyo ezenziwe ngeepleyiti zentsimbi zesinyithi. Inxalenye esezantsi yekholamu yesiseko idityaniswe kwisiqu senqanawa ukuze ithwale umthwalo womxhuzulane wekrane, kwaye inxalenye ephezulu ixhotyiswe nge-slewing bearing; umzimba wenqaba sisakhiwo esixhasayo, kunye nenxalenye yaso esezantsi eqhagamshelwe kwi-slewing bearing kwaye ixhomekeke kwi-jib, inxalenye ephezulu ineentambo zentsimbi ze-pulley block ezihambayo, ingaphakathi lisetyenziswa njengegumbi lomatshini, kwaye ikhabhathi ikwindawo engaphambili; ijib sisakhiwo esifana ne-truss esisetyenziselwa ukuxhasa izinto ezinzima.
Iindlela eziphambili zeekhreyini zasemanzini ziquka indlela yokuphakamisa, indlela yokukhupha umoya, kunye nendlela yokususa umoya. Indlela yokuphakamisa umoya yenza ukuba injini iqhube idrama ukuze ijikeleze ngesixhobo sokunciphisa umoya, irhoxe kwaye ikhulule intambo yentsimbi ukuze ihoki ihambe phezulu nasezantsi; indlela yokukhupha umoya yenza i-jib ijikeleze phezulu nasezantsi ijikeleze indawo esezantsi yehinge ukuze itshintshe i-engile yimoto eqhuba idrama ukuze ijikeleze ngesixhobo sokunciphisa umoya, irhoxe kwaye ikhulule intambo yentsimbi, ukuze ihoki ikwazi ukurhoxeka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo; indlela yokususa umoya yenza umzimba wenqaba kunye ne-jib zijikeleze ngemoto eqhuba i-pinion ukuze idibanise ngegiya enkulu ye-slewing bearing ngesixhobo sokunciphisa umoya. Izixhobo zokunciphisa umoya zezi ndlela zintathu zonke zixhotyiswe ngeebhuleki ezivaliweyo ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwentshukumo nganye. Ngokusebenza okudibeneyo kweendlela ezintathu, umthwalo ungaphakanyiswa kwaye ubekwe kwindawo efunekayo ngaphakathi koluhlu lokusebenza.
Inkqubo yombane yokuqhuba nokulawula yenziwe ngezinto ezahlukeneyo zolawulo kwibhokisi yokulawula yombane ukwenza inkqubo yolawulo, esebenza kwaye ilawulwa ngamaqhosha kunye neziphatho kwikhonsoli kumacala omabini esihlalo sekhabhathi; inkqubo ye-hydraulic yenziwe ngeempompo, iimoto, amaqela evalvu, iipayipi, kunye nezixhobo zazo zokulawula nokuqhuba ezinye iindlela zokulawula. Ukongeza, iikhreyini zasemanzini zikwaxhotyiswe ngezixhobo ezincedisayo ezifana neendlela zokungena kunye nezixhobo zokungenisa umoya.
Uhlu kunye nezinye iiMatshini zokulayisha nokukhulula
Izixhobo ze-derrick zee-cranes zasemanzini zinokwahlulwa zibe ziintlobo ze-light-duty kunye ne-heavy-duty. Ezo zinomthamo wokuphakamisa ongaphantsi kweetoni ezili-10 zilula, kwaye ezo zinomthamo wokuphakamisa ongaphezulu kweetoni ezili-10 zinzima. Umthamo wokuphakamisa umiselwa yinjongo yenqanawa. Kwiinqanawa zemithwalo eyomileyo ngokubanzi, umthamo wokuphakamisa wee-derricks ezikhanyayo kumsebenzi we-single-boom yi-3 - 5 tons, kwaye kumsebenzi we-double-boom yi-1.5 - 3 tons; kwiinqanawa zemithwalo eyomileyo eziyi-10,000 tons, umthamo wokuphakamisa kumsebenzi we-single-boom ungafikelela kwiitoni ezili-10, kwaye kumsebenzi we-double-boom ungafikelela kwiitoni ezi-5. Iinqanawa zanamhlanje ezineenjongo ezininzi kufuneka zilayishe kwaye zikhuphe izikhongozeli, ngoko ke umthamo wokuphakamisa we-derrick kufuneka ubuncinane ukwazi ukuphakamisa isikhongozeli esingangeenyawo ezingama-20 (iitoni ezingama-20). Ii-derricks ezinzima zisetyenziselwa ukulayisha nokukhulula imithwalo enzima nemikhulu efana noomatshini abakhulu kunye neelocomotive. Ngokubanzi, kufakwa iiderikhi ezi-1 - 2 ezinzima kwiinqanawa zemithwalo, ezinomthamo wokuphakamisa uninzi lwazo ziitoni ezili-10 - 60, malunga neetoni ezingama-60 - 150, kunye neetoni ezimbalwa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-300. Indawo nganye yokuthwala impahla yenqanawa yemithwalo eyomileyo ixhotyiswe ngeederikhi ezimbini ezilula, kwaye indawo nganye yokuthwala impahla yenqanawa enkulu yemithwalo eyomileyo idla ngokuxhotyiswa ezine.
Iikreni zedekhiZifakwe kwidekhi ephezulu yenqanawa, zinesakhiwo esincinci, esivumela inqanawa ukuba isebenzise indawo engaphezulu yedekhi, kwaye ayinampembelelo ingako ekubonakaleni ukusuka kwibhulorho. Kulula ukuzisebenzisa, zinomthwalo ophezulu wokulayisha nokukhupha impahla, ziguquguquka, kwaye azifuni kulungiswa kangako ngaphambi kokuba zisebenze, ngoko ke zisetyenziswa kakhulu. Iindidi eziqhelekileyo ziquka iikhreyini zokushefa ezisisigxina, iikhreyini zokushefa ezihambayo, kunye neekhreyini ze-gantry, ezineendlela zokudlulisa umbane kunye nokudluliselwa kwe-electro-hydraulic.
Iikhreyini zokushefa ezizinzileyozezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu, ezinokusebenza kwicala lasekhohlo nelasekunene zodwa okanye ngababini, zinomthamo wokuphakamisa ngokubanzi weetoni ezi-3 - 5. Kwiinqanawa ezisetyenziselwa imisebenzi emininzi, i-crane enye kufuneka iphakamise isikhongozeli seenyawo ezingama-20, kwaye i-crane ephindwe kabini kufuneka iphakamise isikhongozeli seenyawo ezingama-40 (iitoni ezingama-30), ngoko ke umthamo wazo wokuphakamisa unokufikelela kwiitoni ezingama-25 - 30. Ii-crane ezihambayo zokushefa zisetyenziswa xa umthwalo ulayishwa kwaye uthuthwa kufuneka ube mkhulu kwaye kuyacetyiswa ukuba i-crane boom ingabi nde kakhulu, ineentlobo ezimbini: ukuhamba ngokunqamlezayo nangokude ecaleni kwenqanawa. Ii-crane ze-gantry zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinqanawa ezigcweleyo kunye neebhari, zihlala ziluhlobo lwe-four-legged okanye C-. Zine-boom enokwandiswa, umqadi wokuphakamisa, ibhulorho eshukumayo, kunye nekhabhathi. Umqadi oyintloko webhulorho uphezulu kunezikhongozeli ezifakwe kwidekhi, kwaye uxhotyiswe ngesixhobo sokubeka ngokuzenzekelayo, esinokubeka ngokuchanekileyo izikhongozeli kwiigridi zezikhongozeli okanye sizibeke kwidekhi ngexesha lokulayisha. Kukho ii-crane ezininzi zee-gantry kwiinqanawa zokuthwala iinqanawa kunakwiinqanawa zesikhongozeli, ezinomthamo wokuphakamisa ofikelela kwiitoni ezilikhulu.
Ukongeza kwiikreyini zaselwandle, ezinye iimatshini zokulayisha nokukhulula impahla ziquka iilifti, iihoist, kunye neeconveyors. Iilifti zihamba ngokuthe nkqo enqanaweni ngokweereyili zesikhokelo, ezisetyenziselwa ukuphakamisa nokwehlisa impahla phakathi kweedekhi. Umzekelo, iinqanawa eziqengqelekayo/eziqengqelekayo zihlala zisebenzisa iilifti ukudibanisa iidekhi ezahlukeneyo zokuthutha impahla, kubandakanya ezo ziluhlobo lwe-scissor kunye nezo ziluhlobo lwe-chain, ezinobude obuziimitha ezili-9 ukuya kwezili-18.5 kunye nobubanzi obuziimitha ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-5. Ezinye iinqanawa ezithwala iibhari nazo ziyazisebenzisa ukulayisha nokukhulula iibhari, kodwa amandla azo okuphakamisa makhulu kakhulu kunalawo akwiinqanawa eziqengqelekayo/eziqengqelekayo. Iihoist zithutha impahla ngokuthe nkqo okanye kwicala elikhulu elithe tye, kwaye ii-conveyors zithutha impahla ngokuthe tye okanye kwicala elincinci lokuthambeka. Ezi ntlobo zimbini zoomatshini zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinqanawa ezizithuthayo okanye iinqanawa ezilayishwe kwaye zithuthwa ngomnyango osecaleni.
Ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo ezahlukeneyo, imisebenzi yazo etyebileyo, kunye neempawu zokuziqhelanisa neemeko ezahlukeneyo, iikhreyini zaselwandle ziye zaba zizixhobo ezibalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kweenqanawa. Ngophuhliso lokuthuthwa kweenqanawa kunye nobunjineli baselwandle, ziya kuqhubeka ziphucula ngokubhekiselele ekusebenzeni kakuhle nangobukrelekrele, ziqhubeka negalelo ekuthuthweni nasekusebenzeni kakuhle kweenqanawa.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-08-2025
