Mundima yemichina yechiteshi,makireni emugungwaDzinoita basa rakakosha semidziyo mikuru yezvikepe zvinotakura nekuburitsa zvinhu. Dzinozivikanwawo semakirini emugungwa kana kuti madhiriki, dzinonyanya kuiswa pazvikepe kuti dzibate mhando dzakasiyana dzezvinhu, uye dzinoonekwa semichina yakakosha yedhisiki yekugadzira ngarava. Makirini aya ane chimiro chakamanikana, chitarisiko chinoyevedza, kuchengetedzeka, kuvimbika, kushanda nesimba, hushamwari kune zvakatipoteredza, uye kugona kufamba zvakanaka. Kubhururuka kwawo kunouya nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisiramabhomu akatwasuka, mabhomu eteresikopuuyemabhomu anopetwauye nzira dzavo dzekudzora simba dzinosiyana-siyana, dzakadai sedzemaoko, dzemagetsi, uye dzemagetsi.
Makireni emugungwa midziyo yakakosha inoita mabasa ekufambisa munzvimbo yegungwa, ichiita mabasa akakosha akadai sekutakurwa kwemidziyo pakati pengarava, kugoverwa kwemidziyo kubva kunze kwenyika, uye kuiswa uye kudzoreredzwa kwemidziyo yekushandisa pasi pemvura. Zvisinei, nzvimbo yakakosha yekushandisa mugungwa inokonzera matambudziko makuru ekudzora makireni emugungwa. Kune rumwe rutivi, kufanana nemidziyo yekireni isina simba pasi, inofanirwa kudzora kutenderera kwemutoro panguva yekufambisa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti nzvimbo yacho yakarurama uye kushanda zvakanaka kwekutakura; kune rumwe rutivi, sezvo makireni akaiswa pamapuratifomu anofamba akadai sengarava, kufamba kwepuratifomu kuchakanganisa zvakanyanya kufamba kwemutoro, uye muzviitiko zvakawanda, kufamba kwenzvimbo dzekusimudza nekumhara kwemutoro kunowanzosiyana nekwekireni pachayo. Munguva yekushanda, ngarava yekireni nengarava inogamuchira zvinokanda, zvinokunguruka, uye zvinokwira nekuda kwemafungu egungwa, zvichiita kuti mutoro uzungunuke. Munguva yekusimudza nekudzikisa, kufamba kwechikepe kunogona kukonzera nyore nyore kuti mutoro wakasimudzwa urove nedheki zvakare, kana kukonzera kuti mutoro wakaderedzwa asi usati wabviswa pachirauro urembere mumhepo zvakare, zvichityisidzira kuchengetedzeka kwekushanda. Kunyanya panguva yekupihwa kwepfuti pakati pengarava, kufamba kwakadaro kwakabatana kunogona kutungamira kumigumisiro yakakomba. Saka, kudzora makireni emugungwa kwakakwezva kutariswa kwakapararira kubva kumauto nemasangano einjiniya emugungwa pasi rese, uye kutsvagurudza kutonga kwemaitiro akadaro asina kurongeka, akabatana zvakasimba pasi pekukanganiswa kwakakosha kune kukosha kukuru kwedzidziso uye kukosha kwese.
Kudzora macrane emugungwa kunonyanya kutarisa pazvinhu zviviri: kudzora kwakamira kuti kuderedze kukanganiswa kwekufamba kwehull uye kudzivirira kutenderera kwemutoro. Kune kudzora kwakamira, nzira yakajairika ndeyekubatanidza ngarava inogamuchira kuburikidza nechimiro chemuchina wengarava yekireni, vanonzwa kufamba kwavo kwakabatana, uye vanofananidza kuchinja kwehurefu hwetambo yekusimudza nekufamba kwechikepe chinotora, nokudaro vachibhadhara kufamba kwakabatana pakati pezvikepe zviviri uye kupedzisa kusimudza nekutakura mutoro. Zvisinei, nzira iyi ine zvinodiwa zvakakosha zvechimiro chemuchina chekireni uye inoisa zvirambidzo zvakakosha pahuremu hwekusimudza.
Maitiro Ekugadzira uye Mashandiro
Panyaya yezvikamu, mudziyo we derrick mudziyo wekare wekutakura zvinhu, une derrick, bhegi rekutakura zvinhu (kana mast yekutakura zvinhu), rigging, uye winch (kana bhegi rekutakura zvinhu), nezvimwewo. Kunyangwe uine tambo dzakawanda uye uchinetsa kushandisa, wave uchishandiswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwechimiro chawo chiri nyore, nyore kugadzira, uye mutengo wakaderera. Kune nzira mbiri dzekutakudza nekuburitsa zvinhu uchishandisa mudziyo we derrick: single-boom operation uye double-boom operation.
Kushanda kwe "single-boom" kunoshandisa "derrick" imwe chete kutakura nekuburitsa zvinhu. Mushure mekusimudza zvinhu, "guy tambo" inodhonzwa kuti zvinhu zvitenderere ne "derrick" kuenda ku "outboard" kana "hatch", ipapo "cargo" inodzikiswa, uye "derrick" inodzoserwa panzvimbo yayo yekutanga, zvichidzokorora maitiro aya. Nguva imwe neimwe, "derrick" inofanira kutenderedzwa ne "guy tambo", zvichikonzera kushanda kushoma uye simba rekushanda rakawanda. "Double-boom" inoshandisa "derricks" mbiri, imwe iri pamusoro pe "hatch" uye imwe yakatambanudzwa pamusoro pe "outboard". "Derricks" dzakasungirirwa panzvimbo imwe chete yekushanda ne "guy tambo", uye tambo dzekusimudza dze "derricks" mbiri dzakabatana ne "hook" imwe chete. Nekudzosera shure nekusunungura tambo mbiri dzekusimudza, zvinhu zvinogona kuburutswa kubva muchikepe kuenda ku "dock" kana kutakurwa kubva ku "dock" kuenda kuchikepe. Kushanda kwe "double-boom" kwakakwirira kupfuura kwe "single-boom" kushanda, uye simba rekushanda rakadererawo.
Midziyo yekudzikisa mota yakavandudzwa yakazobuda gare gare. Mudziyo wekudzikisa mota une ma "double-topping" wakagadziridzwa kubva pamudziyo wekudzikisa mota une ma "single-boom", netambo yekusimudza mota chete uye seti mbiri dze "topping lifts" dzakaparadzaniswa kuruboshwe nerudyi. Mudziyo wekudzikisa mota unodzorwa ne "hoisting winch" imwe chete uye ma "topping lift" maviri, zviri nyore kushandisa uye zvine hunyanzvi hwepamusoro hwekurodha nekuburitsa zvinhu. Mudziyo wekudzikisa mota une ma "Abel derrick" wakagadziridzwa kubva pamudziyo wekudzikisa mota une ma "double-boom", ne "hoisting winch", "topping lifts", uye ma "guy rope winches". Unogona kukurumidza kuisa "derrick" panzvimbo chero ipi zvayo nerubatsiro rwema "winches" uye unogona zvakare kusimudza nekudzikisa zvinhu panzvimbo dzakatarwa mukati me "operating radius" ye "derrick", inova nhanho yakakosha yekuenda kune otomatiki yakazara yekurodha nekuburitsa zvinhu.
Mashandisirwo uye Hunhu hweMaumbirwo
Makireni emugungwaanoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukutakura zvinhu zvakawanda, ngarava dzemakontena, ngarava dzinotakura mafuta, ngarava dzinoshandiswa mabasa akawanda, nezvimwewo. Zvakadai semakireni ekutakura zvinhupazvikepe zvinotakura zvinhu zvakawanda uye zvemakontena, macrane emapombi pamatangi emafuta, uyemakireni edhekipazvikepe zvine mabasa akawanda. Zvichienzaniswa nemakireni epanyika, makireni emugungwa anoiswa pazvikepe zvisina kugadzikana. Panguva yekushanda, ngarava inotsveyama uye inozunguzika, uye nzvimbo yekushanda yakaoma, inogona kukanganiswa nemhepo yegungwa nemvura yegungwa; kunyangwe kana isiri kushanda, inofanira kutsungirira masimba ekunze akadai semhepo, sinou, mafungu, kuzunguzika, kukwira, uye kurovera panguva yekufamba kwechikepe.
Dzinouya mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemaumbirwo, kusanganisira jib slewing type, traveling type, wire rope luffing type, cylinder luffing type, telescopic boom type, folding boom type, A - frame type, uye composite type; uye kune nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekutyaira, dzinosanganisira electric, electro - hydraulic, electro - pneumatic, peturu (diesel) engine drived, uye manual drived, nezvimwewo. Muenzaniso wakajairika ielectro - hydraulic marine crane inoshandiswa kutakura zvinhu nekuburitsa zvinhu pamabhazi makuru.
Zvivako zvemakireni emugungwa zvinotakura mutoro, zvakaita sekoramu yechigadziko, muviri weshongwe, uye jib, zvinonyanya kuve zvikamu zvechimiro zvakasungirirwa zvakagadzirwa nemaplate esimbi esimbi. Chikamu chezasi chekoramu yechigadziko chakasungirirwa kuhull yechikepe kuti chitakure mutoro wekukweva wekrani, uye chikamu chepamusoro chakashongedzerwa nebheya rekubaya; muviri weshongwe chimiro chinotsigira, nechikamu chayo chepazasi chakabatana nebheya rekubaya uye chakasungirirwa kujib, chikamu chepamusoro chine tambo dzesimbi dzesimbi dzinofamba, mukati memota inoshandiswa semuchina, uye kabhini iri pamberi; jib chimiro chakafanana netruss chinoshandiswa kutsigira zvinhu zvinorema.
Maitiro epamusoro emacrane emugungwa anosanganisira nzira yekusimudza, nzira yekunyorovesa, uye nzira yekutsvedza. Nzira yekusimudza inoita kuti mota isimudzire dhiramu kuti ritenderere nepakati pemudziyo unodzikisa, ichidzosera shure uye ichisunungura tambo yesimbi kuti chiredzo chifambe kumusoro nekudzika; nzira yekunyorovesa inoita kuti jib itenderere kumusoro nekudzika kutenderedza nzvimbo yepasi yehinge kuti ichinje kona nemota ichifambisa dhiramu kuti ritenderere nepakati pemudziyo unodzikisa, ichidzosera shure uye ichisunungura tambo yesimbi, kuitira kuti chiredzo chigone kunyorovesa pahukuru hwakasiyana; nzira yekunyorovesa inoita kuti muviri weshongwe nejib zvitenderere nemota ichifambisa pinion kuti ibatane negiya hombe resimbi inopinza kuburikidza nemudziyo unodzikisa. Zvirerutsi zvenzira idzi nhatu zvese zvine mabhureki anowanzo vharwa kuti zvive nechokwadi chekuti kufamba kwega kwega kunoshanda zvakanaka. Kuburikidza nekushanda kwakarongeka kwenzira nhatu, mutoro unogona kusimudzwa woiswa panzvimbo inodiwa mukati menzvimbo yekushanda.
Sisitimu yemagetsi yekufambisa nekudzora inoumbwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekudzora mubhokisi rekudzora remagetsi kuti igadzire sisitimu yekudzora, iyo inoshandiswa uye inodzorwa kuburikidza nemabhatani uye ma handles ari pa console kumativi ese echigaro che cab; sisitimu ye hydraulic inoumbwa nemapombi, ma motors, ma valve groups, mapaipi, nezvimwe zvinoshandiswa kudzora nekufambisa mamwe mashandiro e executive. Pamusoro pezvo, marine cranes anewo zvishandiso zvekubatsira zvakaita sema passages nemidziyo yekufema.
Kupatsanura uye Mimwe Michina Yekurodha Nekuburitsa Zvinhu
Zvishandiso zvema drick zvema cranes emugungwa zvinogona kukamurwa kuita mhando dzema drick akareruka uye anorema. Avo vane simba rekutakura risingasviki matani gumi vane simba rekutakura, uye avo vane simba rekutakura rinopfuura matani gumi vane simba rekutakura. Kukwanisa kutakura kunotsanangurwa nechinangwa chengarava. Kune ngarava dzekutakura zvinhu dzakaoma, simba rekutakura ma drick akareruka mukushanda kwe single-boom i3 - 5 matani, uye mukushanda kwe double-boom i1.5 - 3 matani; kune ngarava dzekutakura zvinhu dzakaoma i10,000 matani, simba rekutakura mukushanda kwe single-boom rinogona kusvika matani gumi, uye mukushanda kwe double-boom rinogona kusvika matani mashanu. Ngarava dzemazuva ano dzine mabasa akawanda dzinoda kutakura nekuburitsa ma containers, saka simba rekutakura ma drick rinofanira kunge richikwanisa kutakura container ine 20-foot (20 matani). Ma drick akareruka anoshandiswa kutakura nekuburitsa zvinhu zvinorema nezvikuru zvakaita semichina mikuru ne locomotives. Kazhinji, madhiriki 1 - 2 anorema anoiswa pangarava dzinotakura zvinhu, ane simba rekusimudza rinowanzova matani 10 - 60, matani angangoita 60 - 150, uye matani mashoma anosvika 300. Nzvimbo yega yega yekutakura zvinhu yengarava yakajairika yekutakura zvinhu yakaoma ine madhiriki maviri akareruka, uye nzvimbo yega yega yekutakura zvinhu yengarava hombe yekutakura zvinhu yakaoma inowanzo kuve neina.
Makireni edhekiakaiswa pamusoro pechikepe, ane chimiro chidiki, zvichibvumira chikepe kushandisa nzvimbo yakakura yechikepe, uye hachina simba guru pakuonekwa kubva pabhiriji. Zviri nyore kushandisa, zvine mutoro wakanyanya wekurodha nekuburitsa zvinhu, zvinochinjika, uye hazvidi kugadzirira zvakanyanya usati washanda, saka zviri kushandiswa zvakanyanya. Mhando dzakajairika dzinosanganisira macrane ekucheka akagadziriswa, macrane ekucheka anofambiswa, uye macrane egantry, ane nzira dzekutumira dzemagetsi uye electro-hydraulic transmission.
Makireni ekucheka akagadzirwaNdiwo anonyanya kushandiswa, anogona kushanda kuruboshwe nekurudyi ari ega kana ari maviri, aine simba rekusimudza rinowanzoita matani 3 - 5. Pangarava dzinoshandiswa mabasa akawanda, crane imwe chete inoda kusimudza mudziyo une mamita 20, uye crane ine mamita maviri inoda kusimudza mudziyo une mamita 40 (matani 30), saka simba rayo rekusimudza rinogona kusvika matani 25 - 30. Macrane ekufambisa anoshandiswa kana mutoro uchiiswa nekuburutswa kwemidziyo uchida nzvimbo yakakura uye zvinodikanwa kuti crane boom isanyanya kureba, ine mhando mbiri: kufamba yakachinjika uye yakarebesa mungarava. Macrane eGantry anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mungarava dzine magaba akazara uye mabhegi ekutakura, anowanzo kuve emhando ye-four-legged kana C-type. Ane boom inotambanudzwa, beam rinosimudza, bhiriji rinofambiswa, uye cab. Beam guru rebhiriji rakatambanudzwa rakakwirira kupfuura magaba akaiswa padheki, uye rine mudziyo wekuisa otomatiki, unogona kuisa magaba nemazvo mumagridi emidziyo kana kuaisa padheki panguva yekurodha. Kune macrane egantry akawanda pakutakura magwa kupfuura pangarava dzemakontena, ane simba rekusimudza rinosvika mazana ematani.
Pamusoro pemakireni emugungwa, mimwe michina yekurodha nekuburitsa zvinhu inosanganisira maelevator, mahoist, uye maconveyor. Maelevator anofamba akatwasuka mungarava achitevedza nzira dzekutungamirira, dzinoshandiswa kusimudza nekudzika zvinhu pakati pemadheki. Semuenzaniso, ngarava dzinotenderera-dzinotenderera-dzinotenderera-dzinotenderera dzinowanzo shandisa maelevator kubatanidza madheki akasiyana-siyana ekutakura zvinhu, kusanganisira emhando yechikero neketani, ane hurefu hwemamita 9 - 18.5 uye upamhi hwemamita 3 - 5. Mamwe mabheji anotakura anoshandisawo kurodha nekuburitsa zvinhu mumabhaji, asi kugona kwawo kusimudza kwakakura kupfuura kwepamabheji anotenderera-dzinotenderera-dzinotenderera-dzinotenderera-dzinotenderera-dzinotenderera. Mahoist anoramba achitakura zvinhu nenzira yakatwasuka kana yakakura, uye maconveyor anoramba achitakura zvinhu nenzira yakatwasuka kana diki. Mhando mbiri idzi dzemichina dzinonyanya kushandiswa pangarava dzinotakura zvinhu kana ngarava dzinotakura nekuburitsa zvinhu kuburikidza nepamusuwo wepadivi.
Nekusiyana-siyana kwemaumbirwo awo, mabasa akapfuma, uye hunhu hwekuchinjika kumamiriro akasiyana-siyana, makireni emugungwa ave midziyo inokosha mukushanda kwengarava. Nekuvandudzwa kwekutakurwa kwengarava uye mainjiniya emugungwa, acharamba achifambira mberi maererano nekushanda zvakanaka uye njere, achiramba achibatsira mukutakurwa kwezvikepe nemashandiro azvo zvakanaka.
Nguva yekutumira: Nyamavhuvhu-08-2025
