Mu gawo la makina oyendera doko,ma crane a m'nyanjaZimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri ngati zida zofunika kwambiri pa zombo zomwe zimagwira ntchito yokweza ndi kutsitsa katundu. Zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti ma crane am'madzi kapena ma derrick, zimayikidwa makamaka pa zombo kuti zigwire mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya katundu, ndipo zimaonedwa ngati makina ofunikira kwambiri opangira zombo. Ma crane awa ali ndi kapangidwe kakang'ono, mawonekedwe okongola, chitetezo, kudalirika, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu moyenera, kusamala chilengedwe, komanso kusinthasintha kwabwino. Kugunda kwawo kumabwera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapoma booms owongoka, ma booms a telescopicndima booms opindikandipo njira zawo zowongolera magwero amagetsi ndi zosiyanasiyana, monga zamanja, zamagetsi, ndi zamagetsi.
Ma crane a m'madzi ndi zida zapadera zomwe zimagwira ntchito zoyendera m'nyanja, zomwe zimagwira ntchito zofunika monga kusamutsa katundu pakati pa zombo, kupereka katundu m'nyanja, ndi kuyika ndi kubwezeretsa zida zogwirira ntchito pansi pa madzi. Komabe, malo apadera ogwiritsira ntchito m'nyanja amabweretsa mavuto akulu pakuwongolera ma crane a m'madzi. Kumbali imodzi, mofanana ndi zida za crane zopanda mphamvu zambiri, amafunika kuwongolera kugwedezeka kwa katundu panthawi yoyendera kuti atsimikizire kulondola kwa malo ndi kuyendetsa bwino; kumbali ina, popeza ma crane amakhazikika pamapulatifomu oyenda monga zombo, kuyenda kwa nsanja kudzakhudza kwambiri kuyenda kwa katundu, ndipo nthawi zambiri, kuyenda kwa malo okweza ndi kutera kwa katundu nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosiyana ndi kwa crane yokha. Panthawi yogwira ntchito, sitima ya crane ndi sitima yolandira zimaponya, kugubuduzika, ndi kukwera chifukwa cha mafunde a m'nyanja, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti katunduyo agwedezeke. Panthawi yokweza ndi kutsitsa, kuyenda kwa sitimayo kungayambitse mosavuta katundu wokwezedwa kuti agundanenso ndi sitimayo, kapena kupangitsa kuti katundu wotsitsidwa koma wosachotsedwa pa mbedza apachikidwenso mlengalenga, zomwe zimawopseza chitetezo cha ntchito. Makamaka panthawi yopereka zipolopolo pakati pa zombo, kuyenda kotereku kungayambitse zotsatirapo zoopsa kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kulamulira ma crane a m'nyanja kwakopa chidwi chachikulu kuchokera ku magulu ankhondo ndi anthu wamba padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo kufufuza kulamulira machitidwe osagwirizana ndi mzere, osagwirizana kwambiri omwe ali ndi zovuta zapadera kuli ndi phindu lalikulu la chiphunzitso komanso lofunika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Kulamulira ma cranes a m'madzi kumayang'ana kwambiri mbali ziwiri: kulamulira koyima kuti achepetse mphamvu ya kayendedwe ka thupi ndi kuletsa kugwedezeka kwa mbali kuti achepetse kugwedezeka kwa katundu. Pa kulamulira koyima, njira yodziwika bwino ndiyo kulumikiza chombo cholandirira kudzera mu kapangidwe ka makina asitima ya crane, amamva kayendedwe kawo kofanana, ndipo amagwirizanitsa kusintha kwa kutalika kwa chingwe chonyamulira ndi kayendedwe ka kukweza kwa chombo cholandira, motero amalipira kayendedwe ka kuyerekeza pakati pa zombo ziwirizo ndikumaliza kunyamula ndi kunyamula katundu. Komabe, njira iyi ili ndi zofunikira zapadera pa kapangidwe ka makina a crane ndipo imaika zoletsa zazikulu pa kulemera konyamulira.
Mapangidwe ndi Njira Zogwirira Ntchito
Ponena za zigawo zake, chipangizo cha derrick ndi chida chachikhalidwe choyendetsera katundu, chomwe chimakhala ndi derrick, cargo boom (kapena cargo mast), rigging, ndi winch (kapena cargo winch), ndi zina zotero. Ngakhale kuti chili ndi zingwe zambiri komanso chovuta kugwiritsa ntchito, chagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kosavuta, kosavuta kupanga, komanso mtengo wotsika. Pali njira ziwiri zokwezera ndi kutsitsa katundu pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo cha derrick: single-boom operation ndi double-boom operation.
Kugwira ntchito ndi boom imodzi kumagwiritsa ntchito derrick imodzi kukweza ndi kutsitsa katundu. Pambuyo ponyamula katundu, chingwe cha guy chimakokedwa kuti katunduyo azungulire ndi derrick kupita ku outboard kapena hatch, kenako katunduyo amatsitsidwa, ndipo derrick imabwerera kumalo ake oyambirira, kubwereza izi. Nthawi iliyonse, derrick imafunika kuzunguliridwa ndi chingwe cha guy, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito ikhale yochepa komanso mphamvu yayikulu yogwira ntchito. Kugwira ntchito ndi double-boom kumagwiritsa ntchito derrick ziwiri, imodzi yoyikidwa pamwamba pa hatch ndi inayo yotambasulidwa pamwamba pa outboard. Ma derrick amakhazikika pamalo ena ogwirira ntchito ndi zingwe za guy, ndipo zingwe zokwezera ma derrick awiriwa zimalumikizidwa ndi mbedza imodzi. Mwa kubweza ndikutulutsa zingwe ziwiri zokwezera, katundu amatha kutulutsidwa kuchokera ku sitimayo kupita ku dock kapena kukwezedwa kuchokera ku dock kupita ku sitimayo. Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa double-boom operation ndi kokwera kuposa kwa single-boom operation, ndipo mphamvu yogwira ntchito nayonso ndi yotsika.
Zipangizo zoyendetsera bwino zida zoyendetsera zida zinaonekera pambuyo pake. Chipangizo choyendetsera zida zoyendetsera zida zoyendetsera zida zolumikizira zida ziwiri chinakonzedwanso kuchokera ku chipangizo choyendetsera zida chimodzi choyendetsa zida zolumikizira ...
Ntchito ndi Makhalidwe a Kapangidwe
Ma crane a m'nyanjaamagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'zombo zonyamula katundu wambiri, zombo zonyamula zinthu, zombo zonyamula mafuta, zombo zogwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana, ndi zina zotero. Mongamakina onyamula katundupa zombo zonyamula katundu wambiri ndi zotengera, ma crane a mapaipi pa sitima zonyamula mafuta, ndima crane a padengapa zombo zogwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zambiri. Poyerekeza ndi ma crane okhala pamtunda, ma crane a m'madzi amayikidwa pa zombo zosakhazikika. Pa nthawi yogwira ntchito, sitimayo imapendekeka ndikugwedezeka, ndipo malo ogwirira ntchito amakhala ovuta, omwe angawonongeke ndi mphepo ya m'nyanja ndi madzi a m'nyanja; ngakhale pamene sakugwira ntchito, amafunika kupirira mphamvu zakunja monga mphepo, chipale chofewa, mafunde, kugwedezeka, ndi kugwedezeka panthawi yoyenda sitimayo.
Amabwera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mtundu wa jib slewing, mtundu woyendayenda, mtundu wa waya wopukutira, mtundu wa silinda wopukutira, mtundu wa telescopic boom, mtundu wa folding boom, mtundu wa A - chimango, ndi mtundu wa composite; ndipo pali njira zosiyanasiyana zoyendetsera, kuphatikizapo zamagetsi, electro - hydraulic, electro - pneumatic, injini ya petulo (dizilo), ndi yoyendetsedwa ndi manja, ndi zina zotero. Chitsanzo chabwino ndi electro - hydraulic marine crane yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ponyamula ndi kutsitsa katundu pa zonyamulira zambiri.
Kapangidwe ka zonyamula katundu ka ma crane am'madzi, monga mzati wapansi, thupi la nsanja, ndi jib, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zolumikizidwa zopangidwa ndi zitsulo zachitsulo. Gawo lapansi la mzati wapansi limalumikizidwa ku thupi la sitimayo kuti linyamule mphamvu yokoka ya crane, ndipo gawo lapamwamba lili ndi chogwirira chodulira; thupi la nsanja ndi kapangidwe kothandizira, komwe gawo lake lapansi limalumikizidwa ndi chogwirira chodulira ndipo limalumikizidwa ku jib, gawo lapamwamba lili ndi zingwe za waya zachitsulo zoyenda, mkati mwake mumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chipinda cha makina, ndipo kabati ili kutsogolo; jib ndi kapangidwe kofanana ndi truss komwe kamagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizira zinthu zolemera.
Njira zazikulu zoyendetsera ma cranes am'madzi zimaphatikizapo njira yokwezera, njira yotulutsira mpweya, ndi njira yotulutsira mpweya. Njira yotulutsira mpweya imagwira ntchito pokweza ndi injini yomwe ikuyendetsa ng'oma kuti izungulire kudzera mu chochepetsera mpweya, kubweza ndi kutulutsa chingwe cha waya wachitsulo kuti chipangitse kuti mbedza isunthire mmwamba ndi pansi; njira yotulutsira mpweya imapangitsa kuti jib izizungulira mmwamba ndi pansi mozungulira malo otsika a hinge kuti isinthe ngodya ndi injini yomwe ikuyendetsa ng'oma kuti izungulire kudzera mu chochepetsera mpweya, kubweza ndi kutulutsa chingwe cha waya wachitsulo, kuti mbedzayo izungulire pamlingo wosiyanasiyana; njira yotulutsira mpweya imapangitsa kuti thupi la nsanja ndi jib zizungulire ndi injini yomwe ikuyendetsa pinion kuti igwirizane ndi giya lalikulu la slewing bearing kudzera mu chochepetsera mpweya. Zochepetsera mpweya za njira zitatuzi zonse zili ndi mabuleki otsekedwa nthawi zambiri kuti zitsimikizire kuti kuyenda kulikonse kukuyenda bwino. Kudzera mu ntchito yogwirizana ya njira zitatuzi, katunduyo amatha kunyamulidwa ndikuyikidwa pamalo ofunikira mkati mwa malo ogwirira ntchito.
Dongosolo lamagetsi loyendetsera ndi kuwongolera limapangidwa ndi zigawo zosiyanasiyana zowongolera mu bokosi lowongolera lamagetsi kuti apange dongosolo lowongolera, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikuwongoleredwa kudzera m'mabatani ndi zogwirira pa console mbali zonse ziwiri za mpando wa cab; dongosolo la hydraulic limapangidwa ndi mapampu, ma mota, magulu a ma valvu, mapaipi, ndi zowonjezera zawo kuti aziwongolera ndikuyendetsa makina ena oyendetsera. Kuphatikiza apo, ma cranes am'madzi alinso ndi zida zothandizira monga njira zodutsa ndi zida zopumira.
Kugawa ndi Makina Ena Okweza ndi Kutsitsa
Zipangizo zonyamulira za ma crene a m'madzi zitha kugawidwa m'magulu opepuka ndi olemera. Zonyamula zolemera zosakwana matani 10 ndi zopepuka, ndipo zonyamula zolemera zokwana matani 10 ndi zolemera. Mphamvu yonyamula imatsimikiziridwa ndi cholinga cha sitimayo. Pa zombo zonyamula katundu zouma, mphamvu yonyamula zolemera mu ntchito ya single-boom ndi matani 3 - 5, ndipo mu ntchito ya double-boom ndi matani 1.5 - 3; pa zombo zonyamula katundu zouma zokwana matani 10,000, mphamvu yonyamula mu ntchito ya single-boom imatha kufika matani 10, ndipo mu ntchito ya double-boom imatha kufika matani 5. Zombo zamakono zogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zambiri zimafunika kunyamula ndi kutsitsa zombo, kotero mphamvu yonyamula ya derrick iyenera kukhala yokhoza kunyamula chidebe cha mamita 20 (matani 20). Zonyamula zolemera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula ndi kutsitsa katundu wolemera ndi waukulu monga makina akuluakulu ndi ma locomotive. Kawirikawiri, maderike olemera 1 - 2 amayikidwa pa zombo zonyamula katundu, okhala ndi mphamvu zonyamulira katundu wa matani 10 - 60, matani 60 - 150, ndi matani ochepa mpaka 300. Malo aliwonse osungira katundu m'chombo chonyamula katundu chouma amakhala ndi maderike awiri opepuka, ndipo malo aliwonse osungira katundu m'chombo chachikulu chonyamula katundu chouma nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi anayi.
Ma crane a pa deckAmayikidwa pamwamba pa sitimayo, ndi kapangidwe kakang'ono, zomwe zimathandiza sitimayo kugwiritsa ntchito malo ambiri a sitimayo, ndipo sizikhudza kwambiri mawonekedwe ake kuchokera ku mlatho. Ndi osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, ali ndi mphamvu zambiri zonyamula katundu ndi kutsitsa katundu, ndi osinthasintha, ndipo safuna kukonzekera kwambiri asanagwiritsidwe ntchito, kotero amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Mitundu yodziwika bwino ndi ma crane okhazikika odulira, ma crane oyenda odulira, ndi ma crane a gantry, okhala ndi njira zotumizira zamagetsi ndi ma electro-hydraulic transmission.
Makina odulira okhazikikaNdiwo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, omwe amatha kugwira ntchito mbali zakumanzere ndi kumanja okha kapena awiriawiri, okhala ndi mphamvu zonyamulira matani 3 - 5. Pa zombo zogwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana, crane imodzi imafunika kunyamula chidebe cha mamita 20, ndipo crane iwiri imafunika kunyamula chidebe cha mamita 40 (matani 30), kotero mphamvu zawo zonyamulira zimatha kufika matani 25 - 30. Ma crane oyenda otsetsereka amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene katundu akunyamula ndi kutsitsa katundu amafunika nthawi yayitali ndipo ndikofunikira kuti crane boom isakhale yayitali kwambiri, yokhala ndi mitundu iwiri: kusuntha mopingasa komanso motalikirapo m'chombocho. Ma crane a Gantry amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'zombo zonse zonyamulira ndi zonyamulira mabwato, nthawi zambiri zamtundu wa miyendo inayi kapena C. Ali ndi boom yotambasuka, mtanda wonyamulira, mlatho wosunthika, ndi kabati. Mtanda waukulu wopingasa wa mlatho ndi wokwera kuposa zombo zomwe zasungidwa pa deck, ndipo uli ndi chipangizo chodziyikira chokha, chomwe chingaike bwino zombozo mu ma gridi a zombozo kapena kuziyika pa deck panthawi yonyamula katundu. Pali ma crane ambiri onyamula mabwato kuposa sitima zonyamula makontena, okhala ndi mphamvu zonyamula zokwana matani mazana angapo.
Kuwonjezera pa ma crane a m'madzi, makina ena okweza katundu ndi kutsitsa katundu makamaka amaphatikizapo ma elevator, ma hoist, ndi ma conveyor. Ma elevator amayenda molunjika pa sitimayo motsatira njanji zotsogolera, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukweza ndi kutsitsa katundu pakati pa ma decks. Mwachitsanzo, zombo zozungulira - zozungulira / zozungulira - nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito ma elevator kulumikiza ma decks osiyanasiyana ponyamula katundu, kuphatikizapo zoluka - mtundu ndi unyolo - mtundu, zokhala ndi kutalika kwa mamita 9 - 18.5 ndi m'lifupi mwa mamita 3 - 5. Zonyamulira ma barge ena zimawagwiritsanso ntchito kukweza ndi kutsitsa ma barge, koma mphamvu zawo zonyamula katundu ndi zazikulu kwambiri kuposa zombo zozungulira - zozungulira / zozungulira - zozungulira. Ma hoist amanyamula katundu molunjika kapena molunjika kwakukulu, ndipo ma conveyor amanyamula katundu molunjika kapena molunjika pang'ono. Mitundu iwiriyi ya makina imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa zombo zodzitsitsa zokha kapena zombo zonyamula katundu ndi zotsitsa kudzera pakhomo la mbali.
Ndi kapangidwe kake kosiyanasiyana, ntchito zake zabwino, komanso makhalidwe ake osinthira ku zochitika zosiyanasiyana, ma crane a m'madzi akhala zida zofunika kwambiri pa ntchito za sitima. Ndi chitukuko cha mayendedwe a sitima ndi uinjiniya wa m'madzi, apitiliza kupita patsogolo pankhani ya magwiridwe antchito ndi nzeru, kupitilizabe kuthandizira mayendedwe ndi magwiridwe antchito a sitima zapamadzi moyenera.
Nthawi yotumizira: Ogasiti-08-2025
